1. Shallow Foundations Types: Strips, Pads, Rafts Shallow Foundations are common in construction and are inexpensive…

Site Investigation Site investigations should always be done before any design work, in order to…

Waffle Slabs consist of coffers, or shaped voids, in soffits of slabs. Information to provide…

Information to provide in scheme design: ●     Statement that the design is a one way ribbed…

Information to provide in scheme design: ●     Thickness of slab ●     Thickness of load bearing walls that…

Information to provide in scheme design: ●     Thickness of slab spanning in one direction ●     Size of…

Information to provide in scheme design: ●     Constant thickness of flat slab ●     Thickness of drop panels,…

Steel beams are to be designed to suit the following limit states: ●     Bending strength at ULS (including…

Steel structural members are designed to resist yielding, buckling, and rupture under ultimate forces. Steel…

There are two stages in steel design: ●     Structural member design for adequate stiffness and strength…